The contributions to this volume on protest and activist citizenship in South East Europe (SEE) 1 delve far beyond discussions about the efficacy and legitimacy of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and social movement organisations that have dominated the study of civil society in post-communism.They focus instead on how certain types of citizenshipmost notably 'activist citizenship' -are forged or not forged; how citizens are drawn into 'acts of citizenship' (Isin 2008(Isin , 2009) ) other than through joining or supporting established NGOs.The articles illustrate what political scientists find it difficult to uncover -noninstitutionalised and non-formal modes of collective action; symbolic politics, cultural challenges, acts of citizenship and participation that defy notions of 'weak civil society' (Howard 2003;Crotty 2003;Rose 2001) or the NGO-ization of civil society spaces (Jacobsson and Saxonberg 2013).
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Fagan et al. (2017) studied this question.
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