Cognitive implications of white matter microstructural changes in individuals with low heart rate variability: a NODDI study

Figures

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  Figure 1. The enrollment process and flowchart of the participant. NODDI, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging; TBSS, tract-based spatial statistics; HRV, heart rate viability; BPM, beat per minute; RMSSD, the root mean square of successive differences; SDNN, the standard deviation of all NN intervals; SDSD, the standard deviation of the differences between consecutive NN intervals; TP, total power; HF, high frequency; LF, low frequency; VLF, very low frequency; ULF, ultra-low frequency; pNN50, percentage of adjacent intervals that varied by >50 ms; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ACE-III, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination version III; RCFT-I, Rey Complex Figure Test-Immediate recall; RCFT-D, Rey Complex Figure Test-Delayed recall; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; Aβ42, Amyloidβ-42; Aβ40, Amyloidβ-40; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; NFL, Neurofilament light chain; P-tau, phospho-tau181.

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  Figure 2. The results of diffusion metrics by tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Compared with the High HRV group, the white matter regions of the Low HRV patients showed increased FISO (P < 0.05). FISO, isotropic volume fraction; HRV, heart rate viability.

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  Figure 3. (A) Significant tracts from tract-of-interest analysis comparing between low HRV and High HRV. Tracts obtained using the JHU White Matter (WM) Tractography Atlas. (B) Violin plots show the important fiber bundles of FISO in the region of interest (ROI) by cluster-based spatial statistics (TBSS). False discovery rate (FDR) correction was performed for multiple comparisons, with statistical significance of P < 0.05. HRV, heart rate viability; CCB, Body of corpus callosum; CCG, Genu of corpus callosum; FX, fornix; SS, sagittal stratum; ALIC, anterior limb of internal capsule; EC, external capsule; SFOF, left superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. The results of pearson's correlation analysis (a–c) and partial correlation analysis (d–f) between abnormal WMs with cognitive function, heart rate viability (HRV) and cognition-related biomarkers. (a) Correlation between the abnormal fiber bundles and cognitive function. (b) Correlation between the abnormal fiber bundles and HRV. (c) Correlation between abnormal fiber bundles and cognition-related plasma biomarkers. (d) Partial correlation analysis between abnormal fiber bundles and cognition-related plasma biomarkers. (e) Partial correlation analysis between abnormal fiber bundles and HRV. (f) Partial correlation analysis between abnormal fiber bundles and cognition-related plasma biomarkers. HRV, heart rate viability; BPM, beat per minute; RMSSD, the root mean square of successive differences; SDNN, the standard deviation of all NN intervals; SDSD, the standard deviation of the differences between consecutive NN intervals; TP, total power; HF, high frequency; LF, low frequency, VLF, very low frequency; ULF, ultra-low frequency; pNN50, percentage of adjacent intervals that varied by >50 ms; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ACE-III,…