The issue of a balanced development of our earth has been an intriguing research and policy question for several decades. The environmental problems emerging in the 1960s and 1970s have made us aware of antagonistic forces in the evolution of our socio‐economic and environmental system. The dramatic changes — demographic, economic, social and technological — in the post‐war period were not only purely quantitative in nature, but meant also a qualitative change in the structure of this system.
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Nijkamp et al. (1988) studied this question.