Ubiquitination mediated by RING-type E3 ligases in the progression of digestive system tumors: mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies

Ubiquitination is a core mechanism for the precise regulation of protein fate, closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. As the most critical enzymes in the ubiquitination process, really interesting new gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in regulating the malignant behaviors of tumor cells. As tumor promoters or suppressors, different types of RING-type E3 ligases have shown various prognostic values in cancer patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of RING-type E3 ligases on the progression of digestive system tumors, highlighting the key signaling pathways involved in regulating tumor proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. Additionally, it discusses the relationship between the expression of RING-type E3 ligases and poor patient prognosis, providing a foundation for clinical screening of valuable prognostic markers. Furthermore, this review summarizes recent research progress, mechanisms of action, and current challenges related to anti-tumor small molecule inhibitors targeting various classes of RING-type E3 ligases. Further studies on the mechanisms of RING-type E3 ligases in the treatment of digestive system tumors will aid in identifying new targets and provide theoretical support and research strategies for developing anti-tumor drugs.