South African journalist, poet, author and publisher James Matthews was an outspoken critic of apartheid, and a proponent of a form of black pride based more on the Black Panthers than the Black Consciousness Movement. His writings were widely used by various individuals and organisations to further their aims, but he was never a 'joiner'. He supported movements and allowed them to use his work, but he always remained fiercely independent, so that he would never be required to 'toe the party line'.
Human Sciences Research Council (Fri,) studied this question.