Sex- and gender-based analyses and advancing population health

The promotion of sex- and gender-based analyses (SGBA) is ongoing in health outcomes research. However, challenges exist in the research process with the continuous use of sex and gender concepts interchangeably. There has been increased confusion in the contribution of both sex and gender to population health and health outcomes, leading to missed opportunities for the development of appropriate population health policies and interventions. A review of existing but limited data regarding SGBA was conducted. A case study demonstrating how sex-based analysis has been used in a national HIV survey to inform the response and policy is utilized. The chapter highlights that SGBA is largely missing in research, practice, and policymaking. It is a progressive development in population health as not only is it inclusive of the individuals affected or involved but also is important in addressing the gaps in research, literature, policy, and data. In response to gender inequalities in disease prevention and health promotion, a multi-sectoral policy approach is required. Joint policy commitment is required whereby the establishment of objectives related to gender equity in health, the identification of determinants, and strategic development of contributing determinants affecting health equity, documentation, and dissemination of efficacious gender-sensitive policy that facilitates cross-country and regional learning is essential.