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We use a simple statistical test to show that the anomalous flux ratios observed in gravitational lenses are created by gravitational perturbations from substructure rather than propagation effects in the interstellar medium or incomplete models for the gravitational potential of the lens galaxy. We review current estimates that the substructure represents 0.006 < fsat < 0.07 (90% confidence) of the lens galaxy mass, and outline future observational programs which can improve the results.
C. S. Kochanek (Wed,) studied this question.