High-resolution Mapping in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-based Review of the PENTARAYTM Catheter

AF is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. It is associated with increased risk of stroke and heart failure and is a significant global health challenge. Catheter ablation procedures, which isolate the pulmonary veins (PV) from the left atrium (LA) and prevent AF initiation, are effective and safe treatment options. They have emerged as the preferred rhythm control strategy for symptomatic paroxysmal AF that is refractory or intolerant to at least one antiarrhythmic medication. theter ablation of AF is the most common technique and is now the most commonly performed catheter ablation procedure. PV isolation (PVI) has become the standard of care in paroxysmal AF therapy. Scar tissue is present in many of these patients, particularly in those with persistent AF but is also seen in those with paroxysmal AF. 5] This article aims to discuss the challenges of atrial scarring in patients with persistent AF and substrate mapping strategies for optimising the ablation of atrial scarring.