The traditional Indian strategy of resolving conflict by non-cooperation, the satyagraha, has been revived in the Chipko, or Embrace the Tree, movement to protect forests from commercial felling. This paper traces the development of the philosophy and the non-violent resistance activities from the beginnings of Chipko in the early 1970s in Garhwal to its present role throughout most of India. It is unique in that it is based not on the politics of the distribution of wealth but on that of sustainable ecological stability, and it is dominated by women. Today the Chipko search for a strategy for human survival from ecological disaster has world-wide significance.
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Shiva et al. (1986) studied this question.