Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) can be used not only as transportation for people and goods but also for storage and transportation of energy. As a method to realize this philosophy, a new system which has two storage methods has been proposed. The first method: photovoltaic power generator (PV) power is stored as electricity in the EV battery. The second method: PV power is stored as thermal energy in the Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH) which converts electricity into a thermal energy such as the hot water. In this paper, some new energy systems which combine PV, EVs and heat pump water heater (HPWH) are compared and studied. In these systems, PV power is stored as electricity in the EV battery, and as thermal energy in the HPWH. As the result, a novel energy system which combines PV, AI-EVs and HPWH is able to reduce CO2 emissions by more than 75% with high economic efficiency. In order to expand the new system, a novel concept vehicle by using bio-fuel such as AI-EV is effective. Additionally, the quantity of the renewable fuels necessary for the adjustment among seasons in the new system is less than 20% of present fossil fuel consumption when all energy is substituted by renewable energy.
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Tomura et al. (2019) studied this question.