Causality between financial development and economic growth: an application of vector error correction and variance decomposition methods to Saudi Arabia

This article makes an attempt to test the possible directions of causality between financial development and economic growth, which were labelled by Patrick (1966 Patrick, HT. 1966. Financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14: 174–89. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) as the supply-leading and demand-following hypothesis. Saudi Arabia is taken as a case study. The methods applied are the error correction and variance decompositions techniques including the most recently developed ‘long-run structural modelling (LRSM)’ (Pesaran and Shin, 2002 Pesaran, MH and Shin, Y. 2002. Long-run structural modelling. Econometric Reviews, 21: 49–87. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), which by imposing exactly identifying and overidentifying restrictions on the cointegrating vector has taken care of a major limitation of the conventional cointegrating estimates in that they were atheoretical in nature. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any study on this issue with the application of the techniques that incorporate ‘LRSM’. The stability of the functions has also been tested by Cumulative Sum (CUSUM), Cumulative Sum of Squares (CUSUMSQ) and Chow Test (CHOW) tests. Our findings, based on the above mentioned rigorous techniques, tend to suggest that the direction of causation between financial development and economic growth is supply-leading (rather than demand–following), as expected at the early stage of development. These findings have clear policy implications in that a pro-active policy of growth and reform of the financial sector will help enhance economic growth in an open developing economy like Saudi Arabia.