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Finding the positions of nodes in an ad hoc wireless sensor network (WSN) with the use of the incomplete and noisy distance measurements between nodes as well as anchor position information is currently an important and challenging research topic. However, most WSN localization studies have considered that the anchor positions and the signal propagation speed are perfectly known which is not a valid assumption in the underwater and underground scenarios. In this paper, semi-definite programming (SDP) algorithms are devised for node localization in the presence of these uncertainties. The corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is also produced. Computer simulations are included to contrast the performance of the proposed algorithms with the conventional SDP method and CRLB.
Lui et al. (2008) studied this question.