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A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in L’Aquila, 3 – 7 October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.
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A. A. Watson (2023) studied this question.
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