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The role of firmware has evolved over the past decades. Not only is firmware responsible for discovering, initializing, and monitoring the system's chipset, board, and devices, but it also acts as the root of trust and plays a leading role in confidential computing. Yet vulnerabilities in the non-security critical part of the firmware have repeatedly led to the compromise of the core TCB of the system.
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Castes et al. (2024) studied this question.
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