Energy and spectral efficiency tradeoff for massive MIMO systems with transmit antenna selection

This correspondence investigates the fundamental tradeoff between the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with linear precoding and transmit antenna selection, where both the circuit power consumption and the large-scale fading are considered. The EE and SE are optimized with respect to the number of transmit antennas and transmit power, and consequently, we formulate the EE-SE tradeoff as a mixed-integer-continuous-variable multiobjective optimization (MOO) problem. Using the derived EE-SE relations, the properties of the Pareto front for the EE-SE tradeoff are analyzed. To solve the complicated MOO problem, we develop two algorithms: the weighted-sum particle swarm optimization (WS-PSO) algorithm and the normal-boundary-intersection particle swarm optimization (NBI-PSO) algorithm. Simulation results show that the two algorithms can achieve the Pareto optimal EE-SE tradeoff, and NBI-PSO provides more evenly distributed solutions than WS-PSO.