The performance of μ-kernel-based systems

First-generation p-kernels have a reputation for being too slow and lacking sufficient flexibility. To determine whether LA, a lean second-generation p-kernel, has overcome these limitations, we have repeated several earlier experiments and conducted some novel ones. Moreover, we ported the Linux operating system to run on top of the L4 p-kernel and compared the resulting system with both Linux running native, and MkLinux, a Linux version that executes on top of a first-generation Mach-derived p-kernel.