Characterizing hemodynamic response alterations during basketball dribbling

Figures

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  Fig 1. Study design and experimental setup. A: Slalom course with a diameter of 10 m including 12 slalom bars. The distance between the bars is approx. 2.60 m each. B: Illustration of fNIRS configuration used during BSDT. Sources are shown as red dots and detectors as blue dots. Yellow dots represent each center of the 22 channels (inter-optode distance 3 cm). C: 10–20 positions for infrared sources (IR-S) and detectors (IR-D), respective brain regions (arranged in rows), targeted by a 10–20 system transfer method and defined by the “Brodmann” Atlas (PMC-SMA: premotor & supplementary motor cortex, SAC: somatosensory association cortex, M1: primary motor cortex, IPC: inferior parietal cortex; L: left hemisphere, R: right hemisphere; Zimeo Morais, Balardin, & Sato, 2018). D: Experimental procedure: Participants started with a 5 min warm-up phase. Afterwards participants performed BSDT with the dominant right hand (DH), non-dominant left hand (NDH) and dribbling with both hands alternating (AH) in a slow and a fast pace in random order.

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  Fig 2. Perceived level of task complexity and cardiac stress during BSDT. A: Perceived level of task complexity (on a scale ranging from 1 = very easy to 10 = very hard) during slow dribbling with the dominant right hand was significantly easier as compared to all other five conditions. In addition, fast dribbling with alternating hands and fast dribbling with the non-dominant left hand were significantly more complex as compared to all other conditions. B: The cardiac stress (heart rate) was significantly higher during fast dribbling conditions as compared to slow dribbling conditions.

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  Fig 3. Hemodynamic responses during basketball slalom dribbling task. L: left hemisphere, R: right hemisphere, ΔHb/ΔHHb: oxygenated/ deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes. DH: dominant right hand; NDH: non-dominant left hand; AH: alternating hands. A: Illustrates results for changes in ΔHb and B: for changes in ΔHHb; t-maps, robust dependent sample mean tests, Wilcox, 2017; Mair and Wilcox, 2017). Activation maps with cortically projected channel positions (dots centered between source-detector pairs). Only t-values accompanied with FDR corrected p-values are shown.

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  Fig 4. Hand and pace effects on deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes (ΔHHb) during basketball slalom dribbling task. DH: dominant hand; NDH: non-dominant hand; AH: alternating hands, CL: contralateral hemisphere, IL: ipsilateral hemisphere, PMC-SMA: premotor and supplementary motor area, M1: primary motor area. Figure illustrates results after short-separation regression. Boxplots represent all participants. Values are median and interquartile range (being the 25th and 75th percentile). Channels (centered between transmitters and detectors) are shown for the topographic image; Note: for dribbling with both alternating hands, the ‘ipsilateral’ hemisphere represents the right hemisphere); colors represent f values. Images are thresholded at p < 0.05 and FDR-corrected (false discovery rate) for multiple comparisons. A: * indicates a significant influence of factor hand on ΔHHb (C2-C4: F(2, 130) = 18.49, p = .001; ξ = .38; p-FDR = .036), indicating a larger ΔHHb decrease across all participants during slow dribbling with alternating hands as compared to slow dribbling with dominant hand in ipsilateral M1 (Post-hoc, C2-C4: t(13) = 3.58, p = .003, ξ = .63). B: * indicates a…

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  Fig 5. Correlation analysis between perceived level of task complexity and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes. CL: contralateral, IL: ipsilateral hemisphere, PMC-SMA: premotor and supplementary motor area, M1: primary motor area. ΔHHb: deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes. A: Figure illustrates results for slow and fast basketball slalom dribbling task. Participants showed a significant negative association within ipsilateral PMC-SMA (C2-Cz) and ipsilateral M1 (C2-CP2) for ΔHHb only during slow basketball slalom dribbling task. Note: A negative correlation for ΔHHb means an increase in concentration changes with increasing perceived level of task complexity. B: fNIRS configuration showing channels with significant negative associations.