Hyponatremia and lower normal serum sodium levels are associated with an increased risk of all‐cause death in heart failure patients

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Distribution of baseline serum sodium values of the study population.

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  FIGURE 2. Subgroup analyses of hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) associated with mortality associated with abnormal serum sodium levels. The model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, drinking history, ALT, AST, eGFR, abnormal serum potassium level, NT‐proBNP, NYHA functional class IV, LVEF, and pharmacotherapy except for the covariate, which was stratified.

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  FIGURE 3. Restricted cubic spline curve showing the adjusted hazard ratios for all‐cause mortality as a function of baseline serum sodium level. (a) Unadjusted: 140.5 mmol/L was associated with the lowest risk of mortality. (b) Adjusted for age and sex: 140.5 mmol/L was associated with the lowest risk of mortality. (c) Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, drinking history, ALT, AST, eGFR, abnormal serum potassium level, NT‐proBNP, NYHA functional class IV, LVEF and pharmacotherapy: 140.2 mmol/L was associated with the lowest risk of mortality.

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  FIGURE 4. Kaplan–Meier chart of probability of survival among the different serum sodium levels. Maximal follow‐up survival of seven groups: Na < 135 mmol/L (hyponatremia), 135 ≤ Na < 137 mmol/L, 137 ≤ Na < 139 mmol/L, 139 ≤ Na < 141 mmol/L (reference interval), 141 ≤ Na < 143 mmol/L, 143 ≤ Na ≤145 mmol/L, and Na > 145 mmol/L (hypernatremia).