Applied high-intensity interval cardio yoga improves cardiometabolic fitness, energetic contributions, and metabolic flexibility in healthy adults

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Study procedure. The pre-test including V˙ O2max (1.1) and HICYT (1.2) was conducted before the 4-week HIICY and TIHY training (2) commenced. The same set-up was utilized for post-testing (3.1 and 3.2). All participants conducted the HICYT (n = 20) after the V˙ O2max test and were randomly separated into HIICY (1.5 s tempo, n = 10, males 5 and females 5) and TIHY (3 s tempo, n = 10, males 5 and females 5) groups. Capillary blood was collected from the earlobe (20 μL) before and at 1-min intervals (1st to 10th) after the 10-min HICYT. V˙ O2max; maximal oxygen uptake, HICYT; high-intensity cardio yoga test, HIICY; high-intensity interval cardio yoga, TIHY; traditional interval hatha yoga. The numbers indicate the flow of the test procedures.

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  FIGURE 2. Ten-minute Surya Namaskar B sequence. Interval cardio yoga consists of 10-min of active recovery by walking between two sets of 10-min tempo-based Surya Namaskar B; the total duration of HY intervention was 30 min. HIICY; high-intensity interval cardio yoga, TIHY; traditional interval hatha yoga.

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  FIGURE 3. Time and group × time interaction effects and comparisons of absolute and relative V˙ O2max and v V˙ O2max after 4-week interventions. (A) Absolute values of V˙ O2max in HIICY and TIHY groups between pre- and post-tests (B) relative values of V˙ O2max in HIICY and TIHY groups between pre- and post-tests, and (C) velocity at V˙ O2max in HIICY and TIHY groups between pre- and post-tests. ES; effect sizes, V˙ O2max; maximal oxygen uptake, v V˙ O2max; velocity at V˙ O2max, HIICY; high-intensity interval cardio yoga, TIHY; traditional interval hatha yoga. ns; p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.

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  FIGURE 4. Time and group × time interaction effects and comparisons of energetic contributions during the HICYT after 4-week interventions. (A) Comparisons of three energy contributions in kJ between pre- and post-test in HIICY and TIHY groups, respectively and (B) comparisons of three energy contributions in % between pre- and post-testing HIICY and TIHY groups, respectively. ES; effect sizes, W Oxi; oxidative energy demand, W Gly; glycolytic energy demand, W Total; total energy demand, HICYT; high-intensity cardio yoga test, HIICY; high-intensity interval cardio yoga, TIHY; traditional interval hatha yoga. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

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  FIGURE 5. FATox and CHOox between HIICY and TIHY during the HICYT. (A) FATox and CHOox in the HIICY group between pre- and post-testing, (B) FATox and CHOox in the TIHY group between pre- and post-testing, (C) group × time interaction effect of FATox at 4 min during the HICYT, and (D) time and group × time interaction effects of FATox at 6 min during the HICYT. FATox; fat oxidation, CHOox; carbohydrate oxidation, HIICY; high-intensity interval cardio yoga, TIHY; traditional interval hatha yoga, HICYT; high-intensity cardio yoga test. *p < 0.05.

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  FIGURE 6. Relationships between absolute V˙ O2max, v V˙ O2max and absolute W Oxi, and CHOox, FATox and absolute V˙ O2max. (A) two-tailed Pearson’s correlation between absolute W Oxi and absolute V˙ O2max, (B) two-tailed Pearson’s correlation between absolute W Oxi and v V˙ O2max, (C) two-tailed Pearson’s correlation between CHOox and absolute V˙ O2max, and (D) two-tailed Pearson’s correlation between FATox and absolute V˙ O2max. CI; confidence interval, V˙ O2max; maximal oxygen uptake, W Oxi; oxidative energy demand, v V˙ O2max; velocity at V˙ O2max, CHOox; carbohydrate oxidation, FATox, fat oxidation. ****p < 0.0001.