Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The Internet of Things (IoT), cloud, and fog computing are now a reality and have become the vision of the smart world. Self-directed learning approaches, their tools, and smart spaces are transforming traditional institutions into smart institutions. This transition has a positive impact on learner engagement, motivation, attendance, and advanced learning outcomes. In developing countries, there are many barriers to quality education, such as inadequate implementation of standard operating procedures, lack of involvement from learners and parents, and lack of transparent performance measurement for both institutions and students. These issues need to be addressed to ensure further growth and improvement. This study explored the use of smart technologies (IoT, fog, and cloud computing) to address challenges in student learning and administrative tasks. A novel framework (a five-element smart institution framework) is proposed to connect administrators, teachers, parents, and students using smart technologies to improve attendance, pedagogy, and evaluation. The results showed significant increases in student attendance and homework progress, along with improvements in annual results, student discipline, and teacher/parent engagement.
Badshah et al. (Mon,) studied this question.