Pariahs in their Midst: Organized Extremism and the Problem of Tolerance in Contemporary Democracies Ignore, Isolate, Co-Opt, Collaborate or Ban? Mapping Strategic Responses to Pariah Parties Determinants of Democratic Defensiveness Is the Cordon Sanitaire Effective? The Moderating Effects of Incumbency? Responding to Political Extremism Without Succumbing to It Ban the Bans, but Guard the Threshold? 'Lessons' from Old to New Democracies
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A 2013 study studied this question.