Key result
In a numerical simulation of the human arterial tree, left ventricular ejection time significantly increased calculated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity by 0.17 ± 0.13 m/s per 50 ms increase, whereas heart rate had no significant effect.
In a computational model, left ventricular ejection time significantly affects calculated pulse wave velocity independent of arterial elastic modulus, highlighting a potential confounder in arterial stiffness assessment.
LVET may confound cfPWV measurements; leaves open need for in vivo validation and adjustment.
To investigate the effects of heart rate (HR), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and wave reflection on arterial stiffness as assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), a pulse wave propagation simulation system (PWPSim) based on the transmission line model of the arterial tree was developed and was applied to investigate pulse wave propagation. HR, LVET, arterial elastic modulus and peripheral resistance were increased from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm), 0.1 to 0.45 seconds, 0.5 to 1.5 times and 0.5 to 1.5 times of the normal value, respectively. Carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) and brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) were calculated by intersecting tangent method (cfPWV tan and baPWV tan ), maximum slope (cfPWV max and baPWV max ), and using the Moens-Korteweg equation ( cfPWV_c_0 cfPW V c 0 and baPWV_c_0 baPW V c 0 ). Results showed cfPWV and baPWV increased significantly with arterial elastic modulus but did not increase with HR when using a constant elastic modulus. However there were significant LVET dependencies of cfPWV tan and baPWV tan (0.17 ± 0.13 and 0.17 ± 0.08 m/s per 50 ms), and low peripheral resistance dependencies of cfPWV tan , cfPWV max , baPWV tan and baPWV max (0.04 ± 0.01, 0.06 ± 0.04, 0.06 ± 0.03 and 0.09 ± 0.07 m/s per 10% peripheral resistance), respectively. This study demonstrated that LVET dominates the effect on calculated PWV compared to HR and peripheral resistance when arterial elastic modulus is constant.
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Xiao et al. (2017) studied Arterial stiffness (Simulation). Variation of heart rate, left ventricular ejection time, and peripheral resistance vs. Baseline simulation parameters was evaluated on Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). In a numerical simulation of the human arterial tree, left ventricular ejection time significantly increased calculated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity by 0.17 ± 0.13 m/s per 50 ms increase, whereas heart rate had no significant effect.
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