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As 5G technology becomes operational and continues to expand, smart cities become a reality that is transforming urban life at a rapid pace. Electric Vehicles (EV) and automated driving, equipped with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), are expected to dominate public transportation in smart cities. While new technologies can facilitate efficiency and reduce the costs in a city, they can also present challenges. This paper provides an overview of the technical challenges of real-time monitoring and control of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) for EVs in smart cities. It also covers the Internet-of-the-Things (IoT) technology that can be utilized to address the challenges and improve the efficiency of Battery Management Systems (BMS). Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in smart cities provide the infrastructure to support advanced EV features, such as self-parking. IoT sensors can also be used to determine the State-of-Charge (SoC) in EVs by data-driven methods and cloud computing services.
Mohammadi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.