To establish a mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis in lupus, we generated apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) and Faslpr/lpr (Fas−/−) C57BL/6 mice. On a normal chow diet, 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had enlarged glomerular tuft areas, severe proteinuria, increased circulating autoantibody levels, and increased apoptotic cells in renal and vascular lesions compared with either single knockout mice. Also, double knockout mice developed increased atherosclerotic lesions but decreased serum levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ littermates. Moreover, female apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had lower vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume density (BV/TV) than age-matched female apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice. Compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ and apoE+/+Fas−/− mice, apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had decreased circulating oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) content on apoB-100 containing lipoprotein particles and increased serum IgG antibodies to OxPL, which were significantly correlated with aortic lesion areas (r = 0.58), glomerular tuft areas (r = 0.87), BMD (r = −0.57), and BV/TV (r = −0.72). These results suggest that the apoE−/−Fas−/− mouse model might be used to study atherosclerosis and osteopenia in lupus. Correlations of IgG anti-OxPL with lupus-like disease, atherosclerosis, and bone loss suggested a shared pathway of these disease processes. To establish a mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis in lupus, we generated apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) and Faslpr/lpr (Fas−/−) C57BL/6 mice. On a normal chow diet, 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had enlarged glomerular tuft areas, severe proteinuria, increased circulating autoantibody levels, and increased apoptotic cells in renal and vascular lesions compared with either single knockout mice. Also, double knockout mice developed increased atherosclerotic lesions but decreased serum levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ littermates. Moreover, female apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had lower vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume density (BV/TV) than age-matched female apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice. Compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ and apoE+/+Fas−/− mice, apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had decreased circulating oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) content on apoB-100 containing lipoprotein particles and increased serum IgG antibodies to OxPL, which were significantly correlated with aortic lesion areas (r = 0.58), glomerular tuft areas (r = 0.87), BMD (r = −0.57), and BV/TV (r = −0.72). These results suggest that the apoE−/−Fas−/− mouse model might be used to study atherosclerosis and osteopenia in lupus. Correlations of IgG anti-OxPL with lupus-like disease, atherosclerosis, and bone loss suggested a shared pathway of these disease processes. Cardiovascular complications related to atherosclerosis are common among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and contribute to their disability and death (1Bacon P.A. Stevens R.J. Carruthers D.M. Young S.P. Kitas G.D. Accelerated atherogenesis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun. Rev. 2002; 1: 338-347Google Scholar, 2Borchers A.T. Keen C.L. Shoenfeld Y. Gershwin M.E. Surviving the butterfly and the wolf: mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun. Rev. 2004; 3: 423-453Google Scholar, 3Roman M.J. Shanker B.A. Davis A. Lockshin M.D. Sammaritano L. Simantov R. Crow M.K. Schwartz J.E. Paget S.A. Devereux R.B. Salmon D.J. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2399-2406Google Scholar, 4Asanuma Y. Oeser A. Shintani A.K. Turner E. Olsen N. Fazio S. Linton M.F. Raggi P. Stein C.M. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2407-2415Crossref PubMed Scopus (711) Google Scholar). Women with SLE between 35 and 44 years old have an estimated 50-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction compared with age- and gender-matched controls (5Manzi S. Meilahn E.N. Rairie J.E. Conte C.G. Medsger T.A. Jansen-McWilliams L. Agostino R.B. Kuller L.H. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997; 145: 408-415Google Scholar). After controlling for traditional Framingham risk factors, the relative risk for early coronary heart disease attributed to SLE itself is 7.5-fold (6Esdaile J.M. Abrahamowicz M. Grodzicky T. Li Y. Panaritis C. du B.R. Cote R. Grover S.A. Fortin P.R. Clarke A.E. Senecal J.L. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44: 2331-2337Google Scholar). An increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE has also been established: 37% of SLE patients versus 15% of controls have plaques detectable by carotid artery ultrasound (3Roman M.J. Shanker B.A. Davis A. Lockshin M.D. Sammaritano L. Simantov R. Crow M.K. Schwartz J.E. Paget S.A. Devereux R.B. Salmon D.J. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2399-2406Google Scholar), and 31% of SLE patients versus 9% of controls exhibit coronary artery calcification (4Asanuma Y. Oeser A. Shintani A.K. Turner E. Olsen N. Fazio S. Linton M.F. Raggi P. Stein C.M. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2407-2415Crossref PubMed Scopus (711) Google Scholar). The disease processes of SLE itself, including a longer duration of disease, a higher damage-index score, and less aggressive immunosuppressive therapy, are independent risk factors for atherosclerosis (3Roman M.J. Shanker B.A. Davis A. Lockshin M.D. Sammaritano L. Simantov R. Crow M.K. Schwartz J.E. Paget S.A. Devereux R.B. Salmon D.J. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2399-2406Google Scholar). Similar to accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE, bone loss in SLE involves both traditional osteoporosis risk factors and lupus-related factors. More than one-third of SLE patients were osteopenic by bone mineral density (BMD) scanning (7Bultink I.E. Lems W.F. Kostense P.J. Dijkmans B.A. Voskuyl A.E. Prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 2044-2050Google Scholar, 8Redlich K. Ziegler S. Kiener H.P. Spitzauer S. Stohlawetz P. Bernecker P. Kainberger F. Grampp S. Kudlacek S. Woloszczuk W. Smolen J.S. Pietschmann P. Bone mineral density and biochemical parameters of bone metabolism in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2000; 59: 308-310Google Scholar) More strikingly, at least 20% of SLE patients (mean age of 41 years) had osteoporotic vertebral fractures compared with a 12% bone facture frequency in a much older general population in Europe (65–69 years) (7Bultink I.E. Lems W.F. Kostense P.J. Dijkmans B.A. Voskuyl A.E. Prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 2044-2050Google Scholar). In addition to age, diabetes, a proinflammatory state, increased cholesterol and estrogen levels, and treatment with corticosteroids also contribute to bone mineral loss in SLE patients (9Carlsten H. Immune responses and bone loss: the estrogen connection. Immunol. Rev. 2005; 208: 194-206Google Scholar). Of interest, a recent cross-sectional study revealed an association between disease damage and lower BMD in women with SLE independent of prior use of corticosteroid (10Lee C. Almagor O. Dunlop D.D. Manzi S. Spies S. Chadha A.B. Ramsey-Goldman R. Disease damage and low bone mineral density: an analysis of women with systemic lupus erythematosus ever and never receiving corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006; 45: 53-60Google Scholar), a finding similar to the described nontraditional risk factor for accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE. Inflammatory responses to oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) seem to be shared by atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and lupus (11Demer L.L. Vascular calcification and osteoporosis: inflammatory responses to oxidized lipids. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002; 31: 737-741Google Scholar, 12Frostegard J. Autoimmunity, oxidized LDL and cardiovascular disease. Autoimmun. Rev. 2002; 1: 233-237Google Scholar). Oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) has been recognized as a key component in modulating atherosclerosis (13Binder C.J. Chang M.K. Shaw P.X. Miller Y.I. Hartvigsen K. Dewan A. Witztum J.L. Innate and acquired immunity in atherogenesis. Nat. Med. 2002; 8: 1218-1226Google Scholar, 14Frostegard J. SLE, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. J. Intern. Med. 2005; 257: 485-495Google Scholar, 15Berliner J.A. Watson A.D. A role for oxidized phospholipids in atherosclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353: 9-11Crossref PubMed Scopus (218) Google Scholar). Several OxPLs present in mildly modified/OxLDL, such as 1-palmitoyl-2(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (POVPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC), can activate genes necessary for the cellular responses observed in the development of fatty streaks (16Navab M. Hama S.Y. Reddy S.T. Ng C.J. Van Lenten B.J. Laks H. Fogelman A.M. Oxidized lipids as mediators of coronary heart disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2002; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). J. E. I.E. L. S. Witztum J.L. is in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is with and renal disease Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: Scholar) and IgG antibodies to J. E. I.E. L. S. Witztum J.L. is in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is with and renal disease Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: Scholar, M. M.J. Witztum J.L. E. of atherosclerotic risk factors and in and with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; Scholar) have been observed in SLE patients compared with normal a to accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE. oxidized lipids can and of in F. A.D. J. N. Watson A.D. Y. J.A. L.L. have on vascular and bone A for the of calcification in osteoporotic 1997; Scholar). has been observed in SLE patients with cardiovascular disease, which is also with increased and to J. Autoimmunity, oxidized LDL and cardiovascular disease. Autoimmun. Rev. 2002; 1: 233-237Google Scholar). To in the of atherosclerosis and osteoporosis in SLE has been by the of apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) C57BL/6 mice and mice of LDL mice with were as of accelerated atherosclerosis T. A. J.M. K. K. of apoptotic cells between atherogenesis and autoimmune disease. J. Med. 2004; Scholar, A.K. Stein C.M. Fazio S. Linton M.F. Olsen Immune atherosclerosis and in systemic lupus erythematosus. 2006; Scholar). These mice atherosclerotic and on a mice, which decreased bone and bone compared with age-matched mice, are a model of osteoporosis in lupus A. E. in systemic lupus 2001; Scholar). To the between atherosclerosis, and lupus, we have a mouse double knockout apoE−/−Fas−/− mice, which lupus-like disease, increased atherosclerotic and decreased BMD by 5 of age on a normal chow mouse model is by increased apoptotic cells in renal and heart decreased levels of on and increased levels of to in the Correlations of IgG anti-OxPL levels with atherosclerotic glomerular tuft areas, and BMD suggest that shared to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis, and and mice on the were the knockout mice were and to the to of mice with the and the of the versus the knockout J.A. N. of mice a apolipoprotein by in Scholar) and the L. between in lupus. 2003; Scholar) as were for of and apoE−/−Fas−/− at and 5 of age, and serum apoE+/+Fas−/− mice at 5 were at 5 old were with and heart and and were mice were in with were with a chow and in a with a to the by the of IgG with an were to levels of IgG a of J. A. J.M. L. S. M.J. B.J. of lupus mice for that of disease. J. Immunol. 2004; Scholar) and IgG S. E.N. of antibodies in mice. 1997; Scholar). serum old mice were used to for IgG antibodies to IgG and antibodies to and were with at in an at and with for at After the addition of mouse serum in the for and developed with the addition of total IgG and as of the apoE−/−Fas−/− mice with the anti-OxPL to 5 month old and apoE−/−Fas−/− mice were to the of circulating and on a with the of the were and for for for for for and for antibodies were levels and fatty were 5 month old mice of as described W. of apolipoprotein on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. 2000; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The content of mouse lipoprotein particles a in which used to on the particles and used to serum apoB-100 C.J. Hartvigsen K. Chang M.K. Miller M. W. M. Witztum J.L. and immunity for of oxidized LDL and atherosclerosis. J. 2004; Scholar, M. Witztum J.L. Young Miller S. J.M. lipoprotein in for oxidized phospholipids in lipoprotein but in low density J. 2005; Scholar). antibodies and E. M. P. Young of antibodies for mouse apolipoprotein in apolipoprotein mice. J. Scholar) were the by S. the The of the IgG the The IgG with and in The on at 5 in at After with the were with serum in for at in with in in to the relative of in for The were with for with in for in the The on an and were in relative serum in for both and The relative of (OxPL) apoB-100 by the by the month old mice were and of a in and of the were and observed for lesions were and a with a were by a to the of the glomerular tuft as described S. K. M.D. M. of the in mice Am. J. 2003; Scholar). least were observed in of to the glomerular tuft for The of the in in and at were with and with were with IgG IgG to mouse with and by least were observed for were for at and 5 of estimated by of of were as = = = = = and 5 = The of the heart and the were 5 month old mice, in to in in and at were with and and with and by for the of lesions J. T.A. L.L. of lesions in and of Scholar). for IgG and of heart were the as described for of and heart to the with a were with with in on with the in the of and for at were with and were by cells by and apoptotic cells were by a and 5 month old female mice were for BMD by a BMD the BMD of both and The of the and as of the with a in the vertebral bone volume density and The results are as for between the the used the among were between the were the and month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had significantly enlarged = compared with = and apoE−/−Fas+/+ = as as age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice = by apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had enlarged and The double knockout mice had significantly levels of circulating and compared with age-matched apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice = and = in and were between 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− and apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice levels of total IgG and IgG were significantly higher in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice than in apoE−/−Fas+/+ and at both and 5 of age by Compared with 5 month old apoE+/+Fas−/− mice, age-matched apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had increased IgG antibodies to IgG levels were also increased significantly in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice at 5 of age compared with in and mice by mice renal damage similar to that in lupus of that both IgG and were present in the and of 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice apoE−/−Fas−/− mice of glomerular cells and and tuft areas of apoE−/−Fas−/− mice were enlarged compared with of and apoE−/−Fas+/+ and age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice and = and = were in tuft areas between and female mice in of the with the 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had increased compared with age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice which in month mice. The of atherosclerotic lesions at the of aortic and in the of lesion areas in apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice were in with W. of apolipoprotein on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. 2000; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). apoE−/−Fas−/− apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice in their lesion increased lesion at aortic in the apoE−/−Fas−/− mice = on normal chow compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ = = In 5 month old apoE+/+Fas−/− mice for aortic lesions either on a normal chow a 5 total cholesterol and cholesterol levels of apoE−/−Fas−/− mice were lower than of apoE−/−Fas+/+ in serum fatty were observed among mice of the The of and non-HDL cholesterol the accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice. IgG in aortic of 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ and age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice of observed in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice IgG in the aortic and the that IgG antibodies and their were in the development of both atherosclerosis and lupus-like in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice. that BMD of 5 month old female mouse significantly lower than that apoE−/−Fas−/− mice = Compared with age-matched female apoE−/−Fas+/+ 5 month old female apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had decreased BMD = BMD in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice also a of lower levels than in apoE−/−Fas+/+ = were in and vertebral BMD between apoE−/−Fas−/− mice and apoE+/+Fas−/− mice = and = old of age, both vertebral and BMD of apoE−/−Fas−/− mice were significantly lower than of apoE−/−Fas+/+ = and = of the in month old mice a in of female apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with age-matched female apoE−/−Fas+/+ = density = = = The density of the month old female apoE−/−Fas−/− mice significantly lower than that apoE−/−Fas+/+ = of 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice an in compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ and and apoE+/+Fas−/− mice of heart also increased apoptotic cells the vascular lesions at the of in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice The frequency of the of apoptotic cells by the of total in the higher in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ and = These increased apoptotic cells in both renal and of the suggest that to disease in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice. proinflammatory on their and have been to be M.K. C.J. Miller Y.I. J.A. Witztum J.L. cells with are and J. Med. 2004; Scholar, M.K. C. A. S. P. Witztum J.L. antibodies oxidized lipoprotein to apoptotic cells and their by that Scholar). we circulating levels of and levels to in these of mice. In 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice, the relative of serum (OxPL) apoB-100 lower than that in 5 month old apoE−/−Fas+/+ and apoE+/+Fas−/− mice and and = IgG and levels in these double knockout mice were significantly higher than in and mice at 5 of age = and for IgG and = and for IgG A increased levels of IgG in mice compared with in apoE−/−Fas+/+ also observed = in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice significantly higher than that in and apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice and a of increased serum levels of IgG anti-OxPL in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice, be to to their to that in In and IgG levels were correlated with (r = and correlated with glomerular tuft areas (r = and = = also correlated with aortic lesion areas and correlated with vertebral BMD and BV/TV These that IgG to these OxPLs are to atherosclerosis, and between IgG and glomerular tuft aortic vertebral and 5 month old mice were used for = 5 month old mice were used for apolipoprotein E-deficient and Faslpr/lpr and mice were used for = month old female mice were used for = month old female mice were used for = levels were to and bone mineral bone volume 5 month old mice were used for apolipoprotein E-deficient and Faslpr/lpr and mice were used for month old female mice were used for levels were to and in a bone mineral bone volume To the apoE−/−Fas−/− mouse is the model to atherosclerosis, and lupus-like disease. in aortic and renal apoE−/−Fas−/− double knockout mice compared with their single knockout mice. apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had a in serum on particles but an in serum IgG antibodies to and The of serum IgG antibodies to with glomerular tuft areas (r and aortic lesion areas (r and the with BMD (r and BV/TV (r suggest that these and a role in the of atherosclerosis, and and to to accelerated atherosclerosis and lupus-like disease. Similar to of mice T. A. J.M. K. K. of apoptotic cells between atherogenesis and autoimmune disease. J. Med. 2004; Scholar), 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice had enlarged increased IgG antibodies to and increased glomerular of and enlarged glomerular tuft areas of and compared with age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice with the in SLE (4Asanuma Y. Oeser A. Shintani A.K. Turner E. Olsen N. Fazio S. Linton M.F. Raggi P. Stein C.M. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 349: 2407-2415Crossref PubMed Scopus (711) Google Scholar), accelerated atherosclerosis in model is independent of risk factors, as by increased aortic decreased total and non-HDL cholesterol levels in 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with apoE−/−Fas+/+ Similar results with increased atherosclerosis lower levels of non-HDL cholesterol and were in mice on a A.K. Stein C.M. Fazio S. Linton M.F. Olsen Immune atherosclerosis and in systemic lupus erythematosus. 2006; Scholar). levels of and non-HDL cholesterol the accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice, serum apoB-100 levels were increased in 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− and apoE−/−Fas+/+ mice an association between increased apoB-100 levels and accelerated atherosclerosis. is to J. a apolipoprotein which and the development of atherosclerosis. J. Intern. Med. 2005; Scholar), with increased autoantibody levels, the that and contribute to increased atherosclerosis. In addition to atherosclerosis and osteopenia is in SLE that with atherosclerotic vascular calcification M. Y. L.L. Vascular and 2004; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). mice have been to exhibit bone on a chow T. C. M. A. M. T. J.M. M. bone in mice apolipoprotein E. J. Bone 2005; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) but decreased bone on an F. Y. N. W. L.L. bone in mice. J. 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Accelerated in of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. Scholar). with damage are have that apoptotic cells are in mice and that a of generated apoptotic cells are including M.K. C.J. Miller Y.I. J.A. Witztum J.L. cells with are and J. Med. 2004; Scholar, M.K. C. A. S. P. Witztum J.L. antibodies oxidized lipoprotein to apoptotic cells and their by that Scholar, J. A. M. R. Witztum J.L. B.R. N. Oxidized and apoptotic cells oxidized phospholipids that 2002; Scholar). In these OxPLs with SLE with cardiovascular disease, have increased on LDL and increased IgG and antibodies to compared with controls J. E. I.E. L. S. Witztum J.L. is in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is with and renal disease Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: Scholar). SLE patients have increased IgG antibodies to and increased IgG with their levels of oxidized on LDL are of controls M. M.J. Witztum J.L. E. of atherosclerotic risk factors and in and with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; Scholar). Similar to SLE serum IgG levels for and were increased in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice compared with the and increased IgG in the 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice we that levels of on particles in 5 month old apoE−/−Fas−/− mice were lower than in apoE−/−Fas+/+ and age-matched apoE+/+Fas−/− mice be that to with circulating and of these be in SLE with have increased circulating than and IgG antibodies to E. and in patients with systemic lupus systemic and for vascular Ann. N. Y. 2005; Scholar), which be for the decreased of serum in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice. anti-OxPL but contribute to the development of aortic levels were also increased significantly in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice but with aortic lesion areas In serum levels of IgG antibodies to with the of lesion areas in the IgG to have been E. K. K. Shoenfeld Y. Oxidized in atherosclerosis. 2005; Scholar) and have been correlated with aortic lesion areas in mice S. Witztum J.L. W. to oxidized with levels and the of atherosclerosis in by E. 2001; Scholar, T. L. Witztum J.L. D.J. J. of and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. 2001; Scholar), antibodies of the to of and are factors for atherosclerosis J. A. R. T. J. of to and oxidized LDL are factors for atherosclerosis in patients with 2006; Scholar). have that increased IgG to are related to of atherosclerotic disease in J. to oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis and 2004; Scholar) and are with cardiovascular disease in women with SLE E. K. M. A. A. Witztum J.L. J. factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. 2001; Scholar). serum IgG in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice have a similar role as IgG anti-OxPL antibodies to oxidized and also to W. J. R. Accelerated in of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. Scholar, E. and in patients with systemic lupus systemic and for vascular Ann. N. Y. 2005; Scholar, S. T. L. W. Witztum J.L. antibodies patients with the in both and oxidized 2001; Scholar). to are to contribute to the severe lupus-like in apoE−/−Fas−/− mice. IgG antibodies to used to be the in SLE, with to N. Engl. J. Med. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, K. of and antibodies to and Int. Immunol. Scholar). in lupus of antibodies C. J. that with Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: Scholar). In increased IgG in of apoE−/−Fas−/− mice with increased IgG and suggested that IgG anti-OxPL might to IgG to to such as have been suggested to in a model of M. H. Witztum J.L. Davis P. in is with and of on J. Scholar). Moreover, we that serum levels of IgG to and which correlated with aortic lesion areas and glomerular tuft areas, correlated with vertebral BMD and bone volume density that IgG anti-OxPL also be in the of the of osteopenia in model and the role of and their in bone loss than have been to a role in the accelerated atherosclerosis in lupus. In the model on a diet, treatment with the atherosclerotic lesion and renal disease and to in serum and levels and in and levels in These that a a to a atherosclerosis and lupus-like T. R. J. H. D.J. K. treatment autoimmune disease with accelerated atherosclerosis in a lupus J. Immunol. 2006; Scholar). In the apoE−/−Fas−/− mouse model is a model that lupus atherosclerosis, and levels of IgG to correlated with BMD and BV/TV and correlated with aortic lesion areas and glomerular tuft areas, a shared pathway in the of atherosclerosis, and lupus in these mice. by a the of by of and and by a The C. Davis for in mouse for to the for the use of R. for in renal and for the apolipoprotein C57BL/6 bone mineral density bone volume density oxidized lipoprotein oxidized phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine relative systemic lupus erythematosus
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