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The requirements of distributed systems implemented using IoT paradigms include the sharing of a common time reference. When the applications are intended for industrial scenarios, the desired time synchronization uncertainty decreases, due to the real-time needs of this kind of systems. Currently, the most diffused way to obtain a time reference for an Internet connected device is to use NTP (Network Time Protocol) for querying time servers. This paper is focused on industrial IoT applications and it is aimed to evaluate the impact that NTP synchronization performance and NTP throughput may have on the real-time host network. Analytical formulas for estimating the NTP impact are introduced. The work is complemented by the presentation of a use case that shows the use of NTP for the synchronization of a large industrial plant at field level. The results highlight the threat to the real-time behavior of the automation system caused by the uncontrolled peaks of traffic due to NTP. Last, some design considerations for mitigation of the impact are discussed.
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Ferrari et al. (2020) studied this question.
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