What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to clarify the definitions of instantaneous and Fourier frequencies in signal processing and highlight their noncausal nature.

Definition of instantaneous frequency and frequency measurability

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This research aims to clarify the definitions of instantaneous and Fourier frequencies in signal processing and highlight their noncausal nature.
Reviewed existing definitions of instantaneous and Fourier frequencies.
Proposed additional causal definitions of frequency for better measurement.
Discussed implications of noncausal definitions in practical systems.
Identified that traditional definitions of instantaneous and Fourier frequencies require unrealizable systems.
Introduced alternative frequency definitions that are causal and feasible for measurement.

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The study defines causal frequency measures in signal analysis, highlighting limitations of noncausal definitions.

Madhu Gupta (1975) studied this question.

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