We present a production rule model of display-based action for a humble yet error-prone task: programming a VCR. The system is data-driven in that the task goal is achieved in spite of partially specified plans by relying on changes in the display to trigger the creation of new goals. Knowledge in the system is partitioned into Task Knowledge, Display-Based Knowledge, and Device Specific Knowledge. Predictions are made regarding novice-level errors that are then compared to empirical data. The system is implemented in ACT-R, and uses Apple events to communicate with a VCR simulated in HyperCard.
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Gray et al. (1994) studied this question.