By default, we attempt to define practical areas of technological endeavor as “applications.” For example, the applied psychology of human-computer interaction has characteristically been defined in terms of the methods and concepts basic psychology can provide. This has not worked well. An alternative approach is to begin from a characterization of current practice, to take seriously the requirements of the domain of endeavor, and to define areas of “science” and “application” as possible and appropriate in that context.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
John M. Carroll (1990) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 3 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: