α-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Translational Biomarker Framework

α-Synuclein is a presynaptic neuronal protein that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as synucleinopathies. Misfolding, aggregation, and intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein contribute to neuronal dysfunction, synaptic impairment, and progressive neurodegeneration (1,2). Increasing evidence supports its utility as a translational biomarker for disease detection, progression monitoring, and diagnostic stratification in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy (3,4). This manuscript reviews the molecular biology of α-synuclein, mechanisms of pathological aggregation, and its emerging role in precision neurodiagnostics. The framework highlights the translational relevance of α-synuclein as a biomarker-driven tool in modern neurodegenerative disease assessment.