Multifaceted Perspectives on Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Decline: Integrating Epidemiological Trends, Pharmacological Interventions, Bioactive Compounds, and Biomarker Innovations

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with rising global prevalence. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for cognitive decline, leading to conditions such as mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The underlying mechanisms involve insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction, necessitating a multidimensional approach for management and early detection. This review aims to summarize the epidemiological trends of diabetes induced cognitive decline, evaluate current pharmacological treatments, explore the role of bioactive compounds, and highlight emerging biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect to identify studies related to diabetes induced cognitive decline, focusing on epidemiology, pharmacological treatments, bioactive compounds, and novel biomarkers. The epidemiological studies highlight the increasing prevalence of cognitive decline among individuals with diabetes, emphasizing the urgent need for early detection and intervention. Current pharmacological treatments, including antidiabetic and neuroprotective agents, have shown potential in managing cognitive decline, although challenges remain in their efficacy and long-term safety. The potential bioactive compounds, including Flavonoids, polyphenols, and others, exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, showing promise in mitigating cognitive decline associated with diabetes. Emerging biomarkers offer potential for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. By integrating insights from epidemiology, pharmacological treatment, bioactive compounds, and biomarker research, this review underscores the need for innovative, multidisciplinary approaches to combat diabetes induced cognitive decline. Hence, future research should focus on clinical trials to validate the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds and biomarkers.