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This paper performs the small-signal stability analysis of energy island type systems considering cascaded operation of grid-following and grid-forming (GFM) converters. It reveals that operating GFM converters with the power synchronization control improves the small-signal stability of the system compared to voltage/frequency control. However, it is found the GFM converter only improves the small-signal stability when operated in inverter mode. Electromagnetic transient simulations verify the small-signal stability analysis and the theoretical findings.
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Bollerslev et al. (2025) studied this question.
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