Modeling Techniques and Boundary Conditions in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Analysis: Latest Developments in Simulation and Integration of Machine Learning and Data-Driven Approaches

Figures

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  Figure 1. Workflow of the 3D AAA model for obtaining the CTA images of the abdominal aorta and segmentation of the vessel lumen manually, or using a deep-learning algorithm, generated 3D models, mesh generation, numerical simulation, and data analysis. Reproduced from [51] under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

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  Figure 2. Models of the patient (A) before and (B) after smoothing and cropping. Reproduced from [53] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 3. 3D reconstructions obtained from the deep-learning-based segmentation results for four different patients (A–D). The lumen is in blue, the aortic ILT/wall is transparent, and the celiac and renal arteries are shown in red and yellow, respectively. Reproduced from [63] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 4. The fluid and solid domains of the AAA models with all the boundaries. Adapted from [54] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 5. The time-varying inlet velocity (obtained from the flow rate) and outlet pressure profile. Adapted from [59,106] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 6. (a) The time-dependent flow rate at the supraceliac (SC) and at the infrarenal (IR) section. (b) The aorta branches at the downstream of SC: the celiac trunk (CT), superior mesenteric (SM), left renal (LR), right renal (RR), and accessory right renal (ARR) arteries. The aorta branches downstream of the IR: the right and left internal and external arteries (RII, REI, LII, and LEI). Adapted from [52] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 7. The idealized velocity profiles provided at the inlet of AAA models. (a) Parabolic; (b) plug (flat); and (c) Womersley profile. Reproduced from [63] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 8. WK models: (a) 2-element (RC), (b) 3-element (RCR), and (c) 4-element (RLC).

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  Figure 9. 3D domain of AAAs and arterial branches coupled with separate 0D WK3 models at the outlets: S, H, SMA, LR, RR, LEI, LII, REI, and RII.

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  Figure 10. The flowchart of the global and local WK3 parameter estimation (using 1D equations and Murray’s Law) and the coupling of 3D-0D domains. Adapted from [52] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 11. Flowchart of the Resnet FCN architecture and AAA segmentation outputs. Adapted from [63] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.

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  Figure 12. The time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS, top) and oscillatory shear index (OSI, bottom) for (A) E-uniaxial wall model, (B) E-biaxial wall model, and (C) rigid walls. Reproduced from [52] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.