Review uncovers biological mechanisms driving varied spike protein damage across individuals, highlighting pathways critical for personalized diagnostics and targeted therapies.
Injury from spike protein, whether induced by COVID-19 infection or vaccination, constitutes a significant health concern for numerous individuals. Considerable heterogeneity exists in individual responses to both COVID-19 infection and vaccination, despite the latter being principally more controlled and consistent than the wide variety of infection circumstances. This review explores the possible mechanisms by which the spike protein contributes to cellular and systemic damage, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes for developing effective diagnostics and treatments.
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Halma et al. (2025) studied this question.
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