Factors that Affect Cardiovascular Health: A Review

Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem in terms of both high and mortality rates and large economic costs. Cardiovascular health and risk of are determined by a wide range of genetic and environmental factors. This review on the extent to which heredity, physical activity, diet, and psychological factors (including stress) are known to contribute to cardiovascular health or disease. A for cardiovascular disease can be inherited, but genetic counselling allows the of those who are most at risk and an individualised plan to include appropriate changes can then be formulated. It is well established that increasing amounts of activity can enhance cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of disease, but of specific aspects of exercise (such as optimal intensity and mode) is limited. interventions show that reductions in low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and increases high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and certain antioxidants and vitamins may reduce disease risk factors. The long-term effects of dietary salt are more . Psychological factors are contributory, rather than major, determinants of health, but there is evidence that lack of social support, stress and other states can increase the risk of disease.