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Campbell and Fiske's (1959) elaboration of discriminant validity and the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix creatively joined two among many conceptualizations of valid measurement. Variables purporting to measure one underlying trait should not be highly correlated with measures of supposedly different traits. Measures should not vary because of the methods of measurement used. These two conceptions were brought together by the device of confounding one trait and one method in each of several measures.
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Robert P. Althauser (1973) studied this question.
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