ing from the particularities of its setting and characters: for example, Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea is a story about the dignity of living by one's own code, however ultimately self-defeating. These interpretive processes operate by tracing novel or unexpected connections between various passages in the work, or noticing the repetition of a key term, or its occurrence at a particularly important point in the narrative, or a change over the course of the work in the way a certain situation is described, so hat an inversion of values takes place. It is true that, given an interpretation like this, we often say that Hemingway was trying to say x or Shakespeare meant to convey x, but this idiom should not mislead us into thinking that the way we would determine the truth of a formally similar statement about common language, for example, Harry was talking about x, bears any similarity to the former
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Alex Kiefer (2005) studied this question.
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