The AA. outline a model of how freedom to choose between playing and not playing particular Pisoner's dilemma games can (1) increase social welfare and (2) provide relative gains to intending cooperators. When cooperators are relatively more willing to play, they will interact more frequently with each other and their pay off per encounter will be higher - potentially higher than that of intending defectors. The AA. speculate about the cognitive processes that underlie this result.
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Orbell et al. (1993) studied this question.
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