Impact of Acoustic and Interactive Disruptive Factors during Robot-Assisted Surgery—A Virtual Surgical Training Model

Figures

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  Figure 1. Mimic Flex VRTM in use (obtained with the kind permission of Mimic Simulation).

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  Figure 2. (A) Set up for Peg Board and (B) for Energy Dissection (pictures from the simulator system of Mimic Flex VRTM obtained with the kind permission of Mimic Simulation).

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  Figure 3. Test sequence.

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  Figure 4. Comparison of the final score (FSC) and the time to complete the exercise (TTCE) for Peg Board (A) and (B) and Energy Dissection (C) and (D) with and without disturbance. (E) Blood loss in Energy Dissection with and without disturbance. The Peg Board task yielded a higher final score (p < 0.05) and was completed in a shorter period of time (p < 0.01) without disturbance, whereas Energy Dissection revealed no significant difference between the attempts. Small circles and stars show outliers.

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  Figure 5. Correlation analysis between the number of minimally invasive operations as a surgeon and (A) ∆ Final Score in Peg Board, (B) ∆ Time to complete Peg Board, (C) Final Score Energy Dissection, (D) ∆ Time to complete Energy Dissection, and (E) ∆ Blood Loss Energy Dissection. No significant correlation was registered for any of the values (correlation coefficient: R, statistical significance: p, number: N).

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  Figure 6. Correlation analysis between the age of the participants and (A) ∆ Final Score in Peg Board, (B) ∆ Time to complete Peg Board, (C) Final Score Energy Dissection, (D) ∆ Time to complete Energy Dissection, and (E) ∆ Blood Loss Energy Dissection. No significant correlation was found for any of the values (correlation coefficient: R, statistical significance: p, number: N).

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  Figure 7. Correlation analysis between experience in practicing music, and (A) ∆ Final Score in Peg Board, (B) ∆ Time to complete Peg Board, (C) Final Score Energy Dissection, (D) ∆ Time to complete Energy Dissection, and (E) ∆ Blood Loss Energy Dissection. No significant correlation was found for any of the values (correlation coefficient: R, statistical significance: p, number: N).

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  Figure 8. Correlation analysis between experience in video games, and (A) ∆ Final Score in Peg Board (B) ∆ Time to complete Peg Board, (C) Final Score Energy Dissection, (D) ∆ Time to complete Energy Dissection, and (E) ∆ Blood Loss Energy Dissection. No significant correlation was registered for any of the values (correlation coefficient: R, statistical significance: p, number: N).

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  Figure 9. Correlation between self-estimated expertise as a surgeon and the number of minimally invasive operations performed as a surgeon. Due to a nonlinear correlation, a Loess fitting curve (85% of the values) was calculated. This curve approximates a logarithmic curve (see curved dotted line). If this curve is used as a basis and interindividual scattering is suspected, a range of 500–1500 (see vertical broken lines) operations may be used as a prerequisite for an expert (limit 80%, see horizontal broken line).