Although there is a lot of discussion about outcomes, very little has been said about expectations. If students don't spend time and effort studying and engaging in other learning activities, the learning just won't happen. It's time, say the authors, to better define our expectations and make sure students know what they are.
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Schilling et al. (1999) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 2 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: