Causes and Implications of Species Restoration in Altered Ecosystems

T hegraYWOlf (Canis lupus) was listed under ehe US Endangcred Spccies Act of 1973 one yeae after passage. Sinee that time, natural rccolonization and population recovery of wolves in the western Great Lakes region of (he Uni ted Stares (the Lake States-Minnesota, Wisconsill, and Jvfichigan) has been a nurable success of ehe Ace (Refsnider 1994). At ehe time of listing, the wolf was extirpated throughout the United Stares outside Alaska except for remnant populations in northcast :rv1innesota and on Isle Royalc, in Lake Superior (Mcch 1970). Sirree protection under ehe Act, the wolf population has in-