Affirmative Action: The Concept and the Controversy 2. Early Efforts Focusing on Equality of Opportunity 3. Affirmative Action and Preferential Selection 4. Assessing the Argument: A Review of the Case For and Against Affirmative Action 5. The Supreme Court and Affirmative Action: An Examination of the Early Development of Statutory and Constitutional Constraints 6. Cases from 1995 to 2003: Challenges, Uncertainty, and the Survival of Affirmative Action 7. Evidence on the Effectiveness of Affirmative Action 8. Affirmative Action in the Twenty-first Century Notes Index
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A 2006 study studied this question.