Auditory stimuli and heart rate variability: the role of music in cardiovascular regulation

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Neurocardiac integration of music processing. Schematic representation of the neurophysiological pathways involved in music perception and cardiovascular regulation. Auditory stimuli are processed in the auditory cortex and subsequently engage limbic structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, which modulate hypothalamic output. This leads to regulation of the autonomic nervous system, influencing heart rate, vascular tone, and overall cardiovascular function.

• 

  Figure 2. Relationship between music tempo and autonomic response. Conceptual illustration of the association between music tempo and autonomic regulation. Slow-tempo music (60–80 beats per minute) is associated with increased parasympathetic (vagal) activity and reduced heart rate, while fast-tempo music promotes sympathetic activation, leading to increased heart rate and physiological arousal.

• 

  Figure 3. Clinical application model in emergency cardiology. Illustration of the potential role of music interventions in clinical settings. Acute cardiovascular conditions are associated with increased sympathetic activation and stress response. Music-based interventions may contribute to autonomic modulation, reduction of stress and anxiety, and stabilization of heart rate and other physiological parameters.

• 

  Figure 4. Proposed clinical flowchart for music-based intervention in cardiovascular and emergency care. Stepwise algorithm illustrating the implementation of music-based interventions in clinical practice. The flowchart includes patient assessment, eligibility criteria, selection of music parameters (tempo, rhythm, intensity), intervention delivery (duration and frequency), physiological monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability), and evaluation of clinical outcomes. This framework is intended to support structured and reproducible application of music interventions across different clinical settings. The proposed model is based on current evidence and should be considered exploratory, requiring validation in future clinical studies.