Three-Dimensional Arterial Pulse Signal Acquisition in Time Domain Using Flexible Pressure-Sensor Dense Arrays

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Flexible dense pressure-sensor arrays for three-dimensional arterial pulse signal acquisition.

• 

  Figure 2. MEMS pressure sensor (0.4 mm × 0.4 mm). (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of the MEMS pressure sensor. (b) Close-up view of the beam-island structure. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43] provided by IOP Publishing, Ltd, United Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland).

• 

  Figure 3. Sensor array packaging procedure. (a) Sensors were attached to the FPC board and bonding wire. (b) The pressure sensor was coated with silicone and epoxy resin. (c) The whole pulse sensor array and FPC board with a coin for scale. (d) Pulse sensor arrays are small enough to be worn on the fingers.

• 

  Figure 4. Sensor array output voltage and linear fitting curve.

• 

  Figure 5. (a) The pulse acquisition system. (b) Close-up view of the signal acquisition circuits.

• 

  Figure 6. Selected channels of the pulse signal from a subject.

• 

  Figure 7. Pulse waves under increasing applied pressures. (a) The collected pulse signals. (b) The detailed pulse waveforms.

• 

  Figure 8. A typical pulse wave.

• 

  Figure 9. Various pulse waves collected from test subjects with different conditions. Pulse waveforms of (a) 26 years male, (b) 24 years male, (c) 26 years female, (d) 53 years male, (e) 49 years male with hypertension, (f) 27 years male with arrhythmia, respectively.

• 

  Figure 10. AIr with respect to ages of 48 subjects.

• 

  Figure 11. 3D pulse envelope images at different timestamps. (a) One cycle pulse waveform was collected from the cubit position. (b–f) are the 3D pulse envelope images at the corresponding time points of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in the curve of (a), respectively.

• 

  Figure 12. Cross-sectional curve of arterial pulse at different timestamps. Each colored line represents one cross-sectional amplitude curve sampled every six time points during the pulse onset to the percussion peak. The Cross-sectional curve from a subject with (a) eight valid sensor channels and (b) three valid sensor channels.