The evolution and dynamics of farmer engagement in direct-to-consumer channels in France

In this study, we employ a mixed-Markov chain model to analyze the factors that influence the dynamics of farm involvement in direct-to-consumer (DTC) channels, using data from the French Agricultural Data Network (FADN). Our findings reveal low participation in DTC channels in France since 1970, along with a notable trend toward combining these channels with conventional supply chains. We also find that farmers often disengage from direct sales over time, partly due to challenges in scaling up, declining returns, and weakening demand for direct food products.