TTT-KD: Test-Time Training for 3D Semantic Segmentation Through Knowledge Distillation From Foundation Models

Test-Time Training (TTT) proposes to adapt a pretrained network to changing data distributions on-the-fly. In this work, we propose the first TTT method for 3D semantic segmentation, TTT-KD, which models Knowledge Distillation (KD) from foundation models (e.g. DINOv2) as a self-supervised objective for adaptation to distribution shifts at test-time. Given access to paired image-pointcloud (2D-3D) data, we first optimize a 3D segmentation backbone for the main task of semantic segmentation using the pointclouds and the task of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 D → 3 D K D</tex> by using an off-the-shelf <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2 D$</tex> pre-trained foundation model. At test-time, our TTT-KD updates the 3D segmentation backbone for each test sample by using the self-supervised task of knowledge distillation before performing the final prediction. Extensive evaluations on multiple indoor and outdoor 3D segmentation benchmarks show the utility of TTT-KD, as it improvesperformance for both in-distribution (ID) and outof distribution (OOD) test datasets. We achieve a gain of up to 13% mIoU (7% on average) when the train and test distributions are similar and up to 45% (20% on average) when adapting to OOD test samples. The code is available in the following repository.