Review analyzes mechanisms for forming trapped surfaces, indicating their significance in general relativity.
We review developments in the study of the formation of trapped surfaces since Christodoulou’s monumental work. We focus on the main ideas and mechanisms, including the short-pulse method, anisotropic trapped surface formation, the construction of apparent horizons, and the construction of collapsing Cauchy data.
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Xuantao Chen (2026) studied this question.
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