Formyl peptide and its receptor system as a novel target for the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases

• This review systematically elucidates the roles of the FPR system in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, framing the logic from intracellular signaling cascades to multifaceted pathological roles in AD, PD, and stroke. • We consolidate evidence positioning FPR1 as a pro-inflammatory driver and FPR2 as a critical switch for inflammatory resolution, summarizing the milestones of synthetic small molecules and endogenous pro-resolving mediators. • The review points out the key controversies and bottlenecks in this field, including blood-brain barrier penetration issues, subtype selectivity and biased signaling characteristics, distortion of animal experimental data caused by homology differences between human and rodent receptors, and the balance between the immunosuppressive and immunoprotective efficacy of FPRs. • Future research should prioritize developing BBB-penetrating, subtype-selective ligands and utilizing human iPSC-derived organoid models to bridge the gap between preclinical discovery and clinical application.