Seed priming with nitric oxide and foliar glycine betaine application mitigates Cadmium toxicity and improves wheat yield

, along with Cd accumulation in shoots compared with the control conditions. However, co-application of NO seed priming and foliar applications of GB significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activities, enhanced photosynthetic activity, increased the accumulation of total soluble proteins (TSP), proline content, and improved the yield components of wheat plants under Cd stress. Our results reveal that the coordinated use of NO seed priming and GB foliar application mitigates Cd phytotoxicity, enhances wheat's defensive metabolism, and significantly improves yield. This strategy presents a cost-effective, practical phyto-management approach to cultivate wheat in Cd-affected soils, contributing to both land remediation and food security.