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May 1, 2026JAAOS Global Research and ReviewsOpen Access

An Anatomic Study of Normal Humeral Shaft Bowing

Margaret A. Sinkler Robby Goldberg Drew Williamson Marsalis Brown Harry A. Hoyen Raymond W. Liu

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Key Points

To characterize the anatomy and bowing of the humeral shaft using paired osteological specimens.
Assessed 849 cadaveric humeri from an osteological collection using a digitizer.
Evaluated humeral morphology for magnitude, angulation, and location of bowing.
Conducted multiple regression analysis to explore relationships between sex and race with measured parameters.
77% of the humeri had one bow; 23% had two bows.
Single-bow apices were located at 71% of the humeral length with a displacement of 2.0 mm; double-bow apices at 32% and 72% with 4.6 mm and 2.0 mm displacements.
Female specimens had shorter humeri and more single-bowed characteristics; black specimens had longer humeri with more proximal bows.

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Implication

Anatomical study analyzes humeral bowing, revealing correlations with sex and race in an osteological collection.

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Cite This Study

Sinkler et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a17db9a3fad632b0f9d84aa https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-26-00104

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