Genetic Information Formula L = A/T2 and the Origin of Species: A Thermodynamic Theory of Speciation via Information Coupling Asymmetry

Speciation is a central problem in evolutionary biology, yet the molecular mechanisms of reproductive isolation remain without a unified theoretical framework. This paper proposes a genetic information formula based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics: L = A/T², where L represents stable lineage information (Lineage Information), A represents environment-responsive epigenetic information (Adaptive/Epigenetic Information), and T² represents the entropic driving force. This framework reinterprets reproductive isolation as follows: during independent evolution, two allopatric populations develop different epigenetic strategies A due to differences in environmental entropy rate T; when they recontact and attempt to couple, the incompatibility of their epigenetic information systems causes the total genetic information of hybrids L_hybrid → 0, resulting in reproductive isolation. We further demonstrate that even when two populations share highly similar genetic material (L), sufficient asymmetry in their epigenetic strategies (A) can still lead to complete reproductive isolation. This theory provides a unified thermodynamic explanation for cryptic species, sympatric speciation, and rapid regulatory divergence, and presents testable predictions.